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Abstract
This doctoral thesis describes theoretical investigations of the different physicochemical and above all electronic properties of numerous already discovered and yet to be synthesized modern carbon allotropes, their model compounds and derivatives.
In the last century it was ascertained that carbon is not only the most important chemical element for the existence of living beings, but is also becoming increasingly more important for electronics and especially in recent decades for molecular nanoelectronics. Its unique ability to form an unlimited number of chemical compounds results in seemingly infinitely many allotropes that have very different properties. Carbon allotropes that are known till now can be classified first of all by the hybridization of orbitals of carbon atoms: sp-carbon can at least theoretically form linear acetylenic carbon, sp2 -carbon – numerous allotropes with graphenic surfaces such as graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, sp3 -carbon – diamond. Their properties can be tuned further via chemical functionalization. Smaller model compounds of sp-carbon allotropes such as polyynes and cumulenes, sp2 -carbon allotropes as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sp3 -carbon allotropes as diamondoids are also of large interest, because they can be investigated theoretically and experimentally not only easier, but have also themselves remarkable properties. Moreover, the novel allotropes consisting of the combinations of sp-, sp2 - and sp3 -hybridized carbons as sp-sp2 -graphdiyne, sp-sp3 -ynediamond, sp2 -sp3 -hexagonite and sp-sp2 -sp3 -carbon built of fullerene balls connected through carbon chains are thinkable and extended segments of some of them were already synthesized.
Carbon allotropes, their model compounds and derivatives find more and more often application for the nanoelectronics and electronics as elements of transistors, sensors and memory storage devices, for energy conversion as building blocks of solar cells and for energy storage. Therefore, these substances have been investigated very intensively experimentally and theoretically in the last years. The importance of the studies of the carbon allotropes in research and development was rewarded by the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry in 1996 and in Physics in 2012. The former Nobel Prize was awarded to Robert F. Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard E. Smalley for the discovery of fullerenes and the latter one was given to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov „for the fundamental experiments with two-dimensional material graphene”.
In the present work diverse electronic properties of carbon allotropes and related systems that are important for nanoelectronics, energy conversion and storage were studied with different ab initio, semiempirical and density functional theory (DFT) quantum chemical methods. Semiempirical configuration interaction (CI) and DFT-based methods were used for describing excited states of the molecular nanosystems based on the above compounds.
Detailed ab initio and DFT studies of the excited states of the relatively large nanosystems with many more than a hundred atoms is too computationally expensive with the current development of computer techniques and semi-empirical CI methods are therefore sometimes the only choice for such systems. Thus, new semi-empirical Unrestricted (HF) Natural Orbitals (UNO) – CI methods were developed in this work, to solve the challenging task to select the correct active orbitals for semi-empirical CI. Moreover, UNO–CIS methods have generally better accuracy than conventional CI methods and comparable or better accuracy than DFT. UNO–CI methods were implemented into semi-empirical MO-program VAMP.
The optical band gaps of the polyyne series related to the sp-carbon allotrope linear acetylenic carbon were studied with semiempirical UNO–CI and CI methods in the present work. It was shown that the theoretical values of the properties studied are in very good agreement with experimentally available values and observations.
Afterwards, different model compounds of the sp2 -carbon allotropes were considered. Optical band gaps of many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were calculated with semiempirical UNO–CI and CI methods and compared with experimental data and timedependent (TD) DFT calculations. Next, inclusion energies of heteroatoms and some groups into the interior of PAHs were calculated with the DFT methods. The influence of such doping on such electronic properties as spin state, diradical character, electron affinities (EAs), ionization potentials (IPs), different types of band gaps, exciton binding energy and aromaticity was examined at the semiempirical and DFT levels. What’s more, exceptional properties of the unusual radical ion pair NH+4@C⋅-60 were theoretically studied, its possible synthesis suggested and the corresponding reaction steps including intermediate endofullerenes potentially interesting for spintronics were calculated. Photoinduced electron transfer (PIET) in systems involving model systems of sp2 -carbon allotropes including fullerene C60 and doped PAHs important for energy conversion applications was studied by DFT and semiempirical CI and UNO–CI methods.





