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Abstract
Smart manufacturing aims to create highly customizable products with higher quality and lower costs by integrating Industrial Internet of Things, big data analytics, cloud computing, and advanced robots into factory floors. As manufacturing equipment and devices have been increasingly equipped with sensors as well as connected via wireless network or wired Ethernet, smart manufacturing systems are becoming more accessible than ever through the Internet. While advancement in sensing, artificial intelligence, and wireless technologies enables a paradigm shift in manufacturing, cyber-attacks pose a significant threat to the manufacturing sector. The objective of this paper is to review and discuss state-of-the-art technologies that can address cyber security issues in smart manufacturing. Specifically, vulnerability assessment and cyber attacks (e.g., man-in-the-middle and denial-of-service) are presented. Existing strategies that mitigate targeted cyber intrusions are also discussed. In addition, research gaps and challenges are identified to improve cyber security in critical manufacturing industries.
Keywords: Cyber Security, Smart Manufacturing, Vulnerability Assessment, Detection and Attack Mitigation
1.Introduction
Smart manufacturing is referred to as the next-generation manufacturing paradigm with enhanced sensing, artificial intelligence, and optimization capabilities. Smart manufacturing systems use advanced information and communication technologies (ICT) to promote rapid flow and broad use of digital information within and between manufacturing systems [1]. With the integration of real-time analysis, planning and management, smart manufacturing provides high-quality products and quick responses to market changes, optimization of labor, energy and material usage, and environmental sustainability and economic competitiveness [2]. However, the increasing applications of smart sensors, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices and cloud computing in smart manufacturing may create new cyber security challenges. For example, Stuxnet, a 500-kilobyte computer worm, infected the software of at least 14 industrial sites in Iran in 2010 and caused physical damages to a fifth of Iran's nuclear infrastructure [4]. The incident indicates that cyber attacks are dangerous and may potentially cause damages to the physical world. Studies show that the losses caused by cyber-attacks is about $70 billion in gross domestic product (GDP) and 42,220 U.S. manufacturing jobs over the past decade [5]. According to an IBM's report, the manufacturing industry moved from the 3rd to 2nd place in 2015 as the most frequently attacked industry [6]. As a boosting industry, the manufacturing industry remains vulnerable to cyber-attacks....