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Abstract
This article proposes a conceptual framework for cyber-vigilantism that proves useful for distinguishing it from other potentially harmful online actions. An overview of vigilantism is first presented, with particular attention given to Johnston's (1996) work, in which we use as a conceptual guide. Next, we discuss cyber-vigilantism along with several acts associated with this type of online activity. A number of cases involving vigilantism are identified and discussed. Through this analysis, a definition of cyber-vigilantism is developed that we argue is conceptually distinct and applicable to a wide range of contemporary online behaviors. Finally, future research considerations are offered to conclude.
Introduction
The introduction and proliferation of the internet has created vast opportunities for advancement in areas such as entertainment, commerce, and communications. We are now more connected with each other and the world around us than ever before. This greater connectivity, however, does not come without limitations. Over the last few years, acts classified by the media as online vigilantism have begun to attract public attention.
This is not surprising, as the vigilante is a figure that often captures public imagination. There are numerous examples which have held media attention over the last century or so. In November of 1933, one of the largest public acts of vigilantism in American history occurred in Los Angeles, when two kidnappers were lynched with live radio coverage. Later, these individuals were pardoned by the Governor of California (Murphy, 2010). Another notable case occurred in 1981 and involved the death of Ken McElroy, who had participated in crimes ranging from rape and arson to multiple shootings. McElroy shot in front of 47 witnesses by a vigilante shortly after the sheriff drove out of town. Despite multiple witnesses, no one was ever charged in McElroy's murder (Sulzberger, 2010). An additional example mirrors the plot of the film Death Wish, which aired in 1983. One year later, Barnhard Goets opened fire on a group of youth who attempted to mug him on the subway. Despite an admission that his actions went beyond self-defense, Goets was acquitted on all counts and only served eight months for an unlicensed firearm (Johnson, 1987). With examples such as these, it could be argued that the vigilante has always been a popular figure....
