Design of Microwave Multibandpass Filters with Quasilumped Resonators

Abstract

Design of RF and microwave filters has always been the challenging engineering field. Modern filter design techniques involve the use of the three-dimensional electromagnetic (3D EM) solvers for predicting filter behavior, yielding the most accurate filter characteristics. However, the 3D EM simulations are time consuming. In this paper, we propose electric-circuit models, instead of 3D EM models, suitable for design of RF and microwave filters with quasilumped coupled resonators. Using the diakoptic approach, the 3D filter structure is decomposed into domains that are modeled by electric networks. The coupling between these domains is modeled by capacitors and coupled inductors. Furthermore, we relate the circuit-element values to the physical dimensions of the 3D filter structure. We propose the filter design procedure that is based on the circuit models and fast circuit-level simulations, yielding the element values from which the physical dimensions can be obtained. The obtained dimensions should be slightly refined for achieving the desired filter characteristics. The mathematical problems encountered in the procedure are solved by numerical and symbolic computations. The procedure is exemplified by designing a triple-bandpass filter and validated by measurements on the fabricated filter. The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.

Dejan Miljanovic 1, 2 and Milka Potrebic 2 and Dejan V. Tosic 2

Academic Editor:Masoud Hajarian

1, m:tel Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kneza Lazara 4, 74000 Doboj, Bosnia and Herzegovina
2, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, P.O. Box 35-54, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia

Received 2 September 2014; Accepted 18 November 2014; 14 January 2015

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

Traditional approach in filter design has several distinct stages: specification, approximation, synthesis, implementation, and study of imperfections. Main filter characteristics, such as filter type, central frequency, bandwidth, insertion loss, and return loss, are given in the specification stage. Mathematical expressions of physically realizable frequency characteristics are formulated in the approximation stage. Development of an electric circuit with ideal elements, from the approximation stage, is carried out in the synthesis stage. The electric circuit is transformed into the physical device in the implementation stage for a desired technology. Study of imperfections is the final filter design stage when the physical structure is tuned or optimized to compensate for various parasitic effects [1, 2].

Particular implementation of the filter elements depends on the chosen technology. If the planar technology is used there are various approaches for filter implementation. These planar filters have been implemented as microstrip filters with open-loop resonators [3], microstrip interdigital filters [4], microstrip SIR (stepped impedance resonator) filters [5], dual-layer filters [6], dual-metal-plane patch-via-spiral filters [7], multilayer filters with apertures on the ground plane [8], and multilayer stacked LC resonator filters [9]. For the above mentioned filter design examples, a common approach is to find relations between geometrical characteristics of the element implementations and the corresponding element values, such as inductances, capacitances, resistances, coupling coefficients, and quality factors ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -factor). These relations are typically generated by extensive 3D EM simulations but can be obtained experimentally as well. Practically, these relations are presented graphically as a set of curves describing, for example, quality factor as a function of coupling gaps [5], coupling as a function of interresonator spacing and quality factor as a function of tapped-line feed position [9], resonant frequency as a function of resonator dimensions [7], and electric, magnetic, and mixed coupling as a function of apertures in the ground plane [10]. Using these data, initial dimensions and mutual positions of element implementations are chosen.

The initial implementation guess, obtained from the set of curves, is refined iteratively in order to meet the filter specifications. The analysis of the actual filter structure and its parts is performed by 3D EM simulators, such as IE3D [11], yielding the most accurate filter characteristics. However, the 3D EM simulations are time consuming and require extensive computer resources, such as CPU speed and the operating memory size. Moreover, the filter parameter refinement often requires repeated 3D EM simulations which further extend the simulation time.

In this paper, we focus on electric-circuit models, instead of 3D EM models, suitable for design of RF and microwave multibandpass filters with quasilumped coupled resonators. The circuit models are composed of linear time-invariant passive lumped elements: capacitors, inductors, coupled inductors, and resistors. Using the diakoptic approach, the 3D filter structure is decomposed into domains that are modeled by linear time-invariant passive electric networks with finite number of elements. Electromagnetic coupling between the domains is modeled by capacitors (for electrical coupling) and coupled inductors (for magnetic coupling). Compared to the 3D EM simulators, the circuit-level simulators analyze the filter almost instantaneously. Therefore, repeated circuit simulations can be efficiently used to identify the key filter parameters which predominantly affect the filter characteristics. Consequently, these key parameters can be effectively used to fine-tune the filter performance and meet the specifications [12, 13].

In recent papers, electric-circuit models for filter design have been often used, as in [5, 7, 14]. They have been used to model filters and to analyze the influence of various filter elements on the filter characteristics. Prior to deploying a circuit model, 3D models of the filter have already been made and elements of the circuit model have been extracted from that 3D model. Circuit model is actually based on the 3D model that is to be implemented.

In this paper, the concept of circuit model is used as a primary tool to analyze and design a filter. A structure of the quasilumped coupled-resonator bandpass filter is proposed, for which the electric-circuit model is derived. The filter structure is decomposed and every filter 3D component is modeled by lumped electric elements. These elements are analytically described and relations between the electric-element values and the geometrical dimensions of the filter structure are established in software [15]. Using circuit models, three single bandpass filters are designed. After fine tuning, these filters are analyzed by 3D EM solvers. Finally, a triple-bandpass filter is designed using the three single bandpass filters. The filter is simulated using the 3D EM model and validated by measurements on the fabricated filter. The simulated results and experimental results are in good agreement.

2. Electric-Circuit Model of Bandpass Filter

In this section, we propose a novel microwave bandpass filter design based on coupled resonators. The resonators are implemented with quasilumped elements, using the planar multilayer technology. This approach has been inspired by filter design techniques reported in [7, 9, 16].

We have made a comprehensive analysis of one type of the multilayer quasilumped resonator and the corresponding feeders [17, 18]. From the design viewpoint, the filter implementation using these multilayer resonators is very flexible, but the 3D EM simulation is time consuming. In this work, one of our objectives is to reduce the simulation time as much as possible.

The multilayer quasilumped resonator is shown in Figure 1. The resonator is realized using double-sided microstrip. The mid layer is the common ground plane.

Figure 1: 3D EM model of the multilayer quasilumped resonator.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The resonator contains three elements: a spiral inductor, a via-hole, and a parallel-plate capacitor. The via connects the inner end of the spiral inductor at the top plane and the capacitor at the bottom plane. The outer end of the spiral inductor is open line. The via passes through the structure without electrical connection to the common ground plane.

The points 1 to 3 are marked on the resonator structure (Figure 1) in order to decompose the resonator into domains that are modeled by electrical networks. The points of the filter structure correspond to electric-circuit nodes. An electric-circuit model of the resonator is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Electric-circuit model of the multilayer quasilumped resonator.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

In this circuit model, the square-spiral inductor is modeled with [figure omitted; refer to PDF] electric network between nodes 2 and 3, and the element parameters are inductance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), resistance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), and parasitic capacitances ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) with their resistances ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ). The interspiral capacitance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) is capacitance between the turns of the spiral inductor.

The parameters of the cylindrical via-hole are inductance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) and resistance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) between nodes 1 and 3.

The parameters of the capacitor are capacitance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) and resistance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) between nodes 1 and 0.

Neglecting the via inductance and all circuit losses modeled by resistors, the parallel resonant frequency of the unloaded resonator (Figure 2) is [figure omitted; refer to PDF] which is determined by the inductance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and capacitances [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] .

This resonator is used as a main building block for the bandpass filter design. In this research, the second-order bandpass filter is designed, using coupled resonators, as shown in Figure 3. The nodes are marked on the filter resonators (1 to 4 for the first and 1[variant prime] to 4[variant prime] for the second resonator), as shown in Figure 3.

3D EM model of the second-order bandpass filter with (a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling, (b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling.

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

There are two possibilities of the interresonator coupling. In the first case, we have inductor-to-inductor coupling on one side of substrate and capacitor-to-capacitor coupling on the other side. This type of coupling is shown in Figure 3(a) and it will be denoted as [figure omitted; refer to PDF] coupling (meaning inductor [figure omitted; refer to PDF] to inductor [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and capacitor [figure omitted; refer to PDF] to capacitor [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ). In the second case, we have inductor-to-capacitor coupling on both sides of the layers. This type of coupling is shown in Figure 3(b) and will be denoted as [figure omitted; refer to PDF] coupling. These two possibilities require different models of the interresonator coupling. Two electric circuits are shown in Figure 4, corresponding to these two cases of interresonator coupling.

Electric-circuit models of the second-order bandpass filters shown in (a) Figure 3(a) and (b) Figure 3(b).

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The [figure omitted; refer to PDF] coupling is modeled by capacitor (with capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) between two patch capacitors (nodes 1 and 1[variant prime]). The capacitance between the end of two inductors (nodes 2 and 2[variant prime]) is modeled by capacitor [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . The mutual inductance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) is modeled with inductive coupling between the inductors. The sign of mutual inductance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) can be positive or negative, depending on the mutual inductor orientation. Symmetric orientation of the inductors is also depicted in Figure 3(a). If we adopt the dot marking convention as in Figure 4(a), then [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is positive for the symmetric inductor orientation and negative for the asymmetric inductor orientation.

For the [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling, there is dominantly capacitive coupling between inductor and capacitor, and it is modeled by capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (between nodes 1 and 2[variant prime], 1[variant prime] and 2), as in Figure 4(b).

The feeder is realized as a microstrip line whose width corresponds to the characteristic impedance of 50 ohm ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ). The feeder is capacitively coupled to the resonator and it is dominantly coupled to the outer end of the resonator inductor. This is modeled by capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] between nodes 2 and 4 (2[variant prime] and 4[variant prime]).

3. Analytic Closed-Form Expressions for Quasilumped Element Values

In order to analyze and design filter characteristics, using the electric-circuit model, it is necessary to make a correlation between the circuit-element values and the physical dimensions of the 3D filter structure. For that purpose, we use closed-form expressions for inductance, capacitance, and resistance and a software package for finding matrix parameters of the transmission lines [15]. In this research, the substrate used for filter design is RT/Duroid 5880 ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , substrate thickness [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, metallization thickness [figure omitted; refer to PDF] μ m).

The capacitance of a rectangular parallel-plate structure must be calculated considering the effect of fringing field. This is important when the size of the gap separating the electrodes (i.e., substrate thickness) is comparable to the dimensions of the capacitor plates. In that case, the capacitance cannot be calculated as for a simple model of parallel-plate devices. The effective capacitance is greater in this case and should be calculated as [19] [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] are outer capacitor dimensions (in our case [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) and substrate thickness [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . The capacitance of the patch capacitor with respect to the capacitor size is show in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Capacitance of the patch capacitor with respect to the outer capacitor dimension [figure omitted; refer to PDF] .

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The inductance of cylindrical via hole in microstrip can be calculated as a modified inductance of a cylindrical conductor and it will be calculated using the following formula [20]: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] For the chosen substrate and intended via radius ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), the obtained value is [figure omitted; refer to PDF] nH (length [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm and radius [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm). The via resistance is neglected.

The relation between the square-spiral inductance and the square-spiral physical dimensions is given by the following formula [12]: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] The parameter [figure omitted; refer to PDF] denotes the number of inductor turns, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the outside diameter and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the inside diameter of the inductor, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the fill ratio, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is a correction factor for the presence of a ground plane. [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is calculated as follows: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] Using formula (4) one can find the spiral line width ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), the turn spacing ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), and the outside diameter ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) for the required square-spiral inductance. The approximate maximum number of the inductor turns (for given [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) is [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , in which case [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . Using this formula and setting [figure omitted; refer to PDF] in (4), we can derive formula for the maximum theoretically achievable inductance for given [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] : [figure omitted; refer to PDF] This formula can be useful for the first estimation of the inductor size. The square-spiral inductance with respect to the number of turns is shown in Figure 6, without considering physical limitations during fabrication.

Figure 6: Inductance of the spiral inductor with respect to the number of turns ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) for the turn spacing [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm and the spiral line widths [figure omitted; refer to PDF] = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mm.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The parasitic capacitance of the inductor toward ground plane may be calculated using (2) with [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . Although layout of the inductor is different from the layout of the capacitor, our research has shown that (2) can be used with great accuracy in the case of greater inductor fill ratio. This is certainly correct in the case of our filter design objectives, where one of the goals is miniaturization. In our model, the parasitic capacitance of the inductor toward ground plane is equally distributed to [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ; that is, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] .

The interspiral capacitance causes parallel resonances of the spiral inductor and it has influence on effective inductance at higher frequencies. The satisfactory estimation of the capacitance value is obtained with [21] [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the effective relative permeability for the spiral line of width [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and the given substrate. The parameter [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the average spiral length.

The inductor resistance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) is calculated by multiplying the spiral length with per unit length resistance of microstrip transmission line of width [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . Per unit length resistance is frequency dependent, and it is obtained using a software package for calculating matrix parameters of the transmission lines [15]. This dependence is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Per unit length resistance of the spiral inductor with respect to the spiral line width [figure omitted; refer to PDF] at frequencies 1.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The mutual inductance between two square-spiral inductors can be calculated using approach presented in [12]. The method is based on formula for the mutual inductance for two adjacent sections of lengths [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , of the same width [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and mutual spacing [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (Figure 8(a)): [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where all dimensions are in microns. The parameter [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the effective length of the two sections between which the mutual inductance is being calculated. As an approximation, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] can be considered as an average length of these two sections, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] .

(a) Coupled spiral inductors and (b) coupling coefficient ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) with respect to interinductor spacing ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) for [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and the outside diameter of the inductor [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm.

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The method for calculating the total mutual inductance is shown in Figure 8(a). The total mutual inductance is calculated as a sum of mutual inductances of each pair of parallel sections, positioned opposite to each other. There is mutual inductance between each segment of the left spiral inductor (denoted from [figure omitted; refer to PDF] to [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) and each opposite segment of the right spiral inductor (denoted from [figure omitted; refer to PDF] to [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ). In this case, we assume that [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the number of complete turns. Mutual inductances of nonopposite segments are neglected. For the adopted current direction, positive and negative mutual inductances are marked. The total mutual inductance can be calculated as follows: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] where [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is given by (8) and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] for [figure omitted; refer to PDF] to [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] to [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . In the case of the asymmetrical inductor orientation, the total mutual inductance has the opposite algebraic sign. Formula (9) is primarily used to obtain the maximum achievable value of the mutual inductance, because a greater mutual inductance value can cause appearance of transmission zeros. As an illustration, the coupling coefficient ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) is shown in Figure 8(b), with respect to the distance between spiral inductors ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), for several inductor sizes ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] .

The capacitances between the resonators and capacitance between the feeder and the resonator can be found using a software package for calculating matrix parameters of the coupled transmission lines [15]. This approach can be explained by the details shown in Figures 9 and 3.

Figure 9: The second-order bandpass filter structure.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is equal to the mutual capacitance (sometimes referred to as the coupling capacitance) of a short section (length [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) of coupled lines of the same width ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), mutually separated by the distance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (Figure 3(a)). The capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is equal to the mutual capacitance of a short section (length [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) of coupled lines of the same width ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), mutually separated by the distance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (Figure 3(a)).

The capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is equal to the mutual capacitance of a short section (length [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) of coupled lines of widths [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , mutually separated by the distance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (Figure 9, detail 1).

The capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the sum of the capacitance between the central part of the feeder and the resonator ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) and the capacitance between the side part of the feeder and the resonator ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ). The first one is equal to the mutual capacitance of a short section (length [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) of coupled lines of widths [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , mutually separated by the distance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (Figure 9, detail 2). The second one is equal to the mutual capacitance of a short section (length [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) of coupled lines of the same width ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), mutually separated by the distance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (Figure 9, detail 3).

The values of these capacitances are presented in Figures 10 and 11, for dimensions of interest.

Figure 10: Per unit length capacitance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) with respect to the interresonator distance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ).

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Figure 11: Per unit length capacitance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) with respect to distance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) between the feeder and the square-spiral inductor.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

We are able to estimate the values of each element in the circuit model and the corresponding physical dimensions using formulas and graphs presented in this section.

4. Influence of Circuit-Element Values on Filter Frequency Response

Using the electric-circuit model, it is now possible to make fast analysis of the influence of every element on the filter frequency response. It has been shown that the variation of the spiral inductor parameters has the most significant influence on the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency is mostly determined by the spiral inductance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and capacitances [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . The value of capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] also influences resonant frequency, but it is less significant. The influence of the via becomes more pronounced at higher frequencies. The interspiral capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] also has significant influence on filter selectivity. Greater [figure omitted; refer to PDF] increases filter selectivity but also decreases resonant frequency. A possible way to increase this value is to use greater number of spiral turns and smaller turn spacing [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . As expected, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] determine filter bandwidth, insertion loss, and return loss. The above observations imply that the main resonator element for adjusting filter characteristics is the spiral inductor. Variation of the inductor parameters changes resonant frequency and selectivity simultaneously.

By analytically solving [22] the circuit model for the resonator (Figure 4(a) with [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , or Figure 4(b) with [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ), the following formula for the resonant frequency is obtained: [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The most important phenomenon is that filters using two different types of interresonator coupling have different overall characteristics. [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling always generates transmission zeros, while [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling does not. This effect for [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling is shown in Figure 12. Using [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling, there is a negative electric coupling [figure omitted; refer to PDF] between the capacitors (through [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) and positive or negative magnetic coupling [figure omitted; refer to PDF] between the inductors (through [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ). If these two couplings have the opposite signs and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] has sufficiently high value, transmission zeros can emerge. The opposite signs of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] can be provided only with the symmetric inductor orientation in the resonators. Sufficiently high positive value of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] can be achieved using a different patch-via-spiral approach [7]. However, the resonator realization in [7] has grounded inductors which results in a greater magnetic coupling [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . Using the equivalent circuit proposed here, it can be found that, in the case of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling, the value of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] would be needed in order to have transmission zeros. Such a great value cannot be implemented using the proposed resonator layout.

Figure 12: Frequency responses of the filters shown in Figure 4 for [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

In the case of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling, the existence of zeros is caused by another phenomenon-the resonance of the inductor and certain capacitors. The resonator equivalent circuit proposed here has a complex inductor model. Therefore, the frequencies at which the transmission zeros occur can be found using the electric-circuit model and modern mathematical tools for expression simplification [22]. This yields to the following formulas for [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling (Figure 4(b)): [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

According to formulas (11) it is evident that the resonance of the spiral inductor and the surrounding capacitors is causing the appearance of the transmission zeros.

5. Filter Design Using Electric-Circuit Model

In this section, we present the novel procedure for the bandpass filter design using the electric-circuit model (from Figure 4(b)) and relations between lumped-element values and their physical dimensions (Section 3). The procedure steps are as follows.

(1) In the first step, lumped-element values of the electric-circuit model are adjusted to meet the designed central frequency and the bandwidth. The most efficient way is to adopt initial dimensions of the resonator in terms of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) and the dimensions of the spiral inductor [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . In our case, with the goal of miniaturization and available milling technique [23], we will adopt dimensions of the square-spiral inductor [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm. This will give us approximate values of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . The only elements now left for adjusting are [figure omitted; refer to PDF] for the central frequency adjustment; [figure omitted; refer to PDF] for return loss; [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] for insertion loss and bandwidth adjustment. We obtain values of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] after adjusting frequency response for the circuit model. Although this overall model gives the value of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , this inductance is notably affected by the influence of feeder capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and interresonator capacitances. The observed value of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is actually the effective spiral inductance. Therefore, we propose to estimate the actual value of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] by observing unloaded resonator. The actual value of the inductance will give us actual value of the spiral inductor size. This approach means removing interresonator coupling by setting [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and reducing the influence of feeder by decreasing value of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , while observing [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -parameter of the circuit model. [figure omitted; refer to PDF] should be decreased until it has no influence on resonant frequency (observing the [figure omitted; refer to PDF] -parameter). Now, setting the value of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] to adjust the desired resonator central frequency will give us the actual value of the spiral inductance. Tuned this way, the spiral inductance is found to be the most accurate.

(2) In the second step, feasibility of the obtained lumped-element values is checked using formulas and design curves. If necessary, the first step is repeated and values are modified in order to find feasible solution. In a few iterations, the first variant should be easily achieved.

(3) The third step is realization of 3D EM filter model, performing full 3D EM simulation and comparing the obtained and specified frequency responses.

(4) In the final step, necessary modifications are performed on the 3D EM model and the final simulation and validation has to be done.

In the rest of the text, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] interresonator coupling will be considered only, because it provides realizable transmission zeros.

Using the presented approach, we have designed three bandpass filters, whose frequency responses are shown in Figure 13. These filters are designed for central frequencies of 1.6 GHz (Band-I), 3.5 GHz (Band-II), and 5.8 GHz (Band-III), with fractional bandwidths (FBW) of 4% (Band-I), 4.5% (Band-II), and 7.5% (Band-III). These bands are used for GPS navigation, WiMAX access, and WiFi, respectively.

Figure 13: Frequency response of three bandpass filters generated by circuit-level simulations.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

With adopted resonator dimensions [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm (superscripts I, II, and III will denote parameters for 1.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz bands, resp.) corresponding lumped-element values are given in Table 1. The via inductance and all circuit losses are neglected, except the square-spiral inductor resistance ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ).

Table 1: Circuit-element values for desired frequency response in Figure 13.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF] [GHz]	1.6 GHz	3.5 GHz	5.8 GHz
[figure omitted; refer to PDF] [pF]	0.3	0.2	0.15
[figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] [pF]	0.15	0.1	0.075
[figure omitted; refer to PDF] [ohm]	3.5	2.4	1.7
[figure omitted; refer to PDF] [pF]	0.09	0.05	0.025
[figure omitted; refer to PDF] [pF]	0.3	0.1	0.1
[figure omitted; refer to PDF] [pF]	0.03	0.01	0.01
[figure omitted; refer to PDF] [nH]	30.3	11.4	5.2
49.5actual	16.5actual	8.8actual

Using the values from Table 1 and formulas for finding physical dimensions of the resonator, the distance between the feeder and the resonator and the interresonator distance can be found: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm. Using these dimensions, three single bandpass filters have been realized and simulated. The obtained results, along with the corresponding filter layouts, are shown in Figure 14.

Frequency responses of three bandpass filters generated by 3D EM simulations: (a) Band-I, (c) Band-II, and (e) Band-III. 3D EM model of three bandpass filters: (b) Band-I, (d) Band-II, and (f) Band-III.

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(c) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(d) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(e) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(f) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

In the next step, it was necessary to make small adjustments with respect to the central frequency, so small modifications of the square-spiral inductor length were made. In addition, adjustments were made to the distance between resonators. It may seem that the interresonator distance has been changed notably during this first modification for Band-II and Band-III. Actually, the proposed circuit model implies that both the interresonator coupling and the coupling between the feeder and the resonator have been achieved with the first segments of the spiral inductors. The obtained values of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] correspond to this model. This means that the values for couplings will be more accurate for greater spiral lengths, that is, lower frequency bands. For this modification, we decided to implement the interresonator coupling with the third segment of the spiral, for Band-I, and the fourth segment of the spiral, for Band-II and Band-III. This decision is motivated by the fact that the coupling with the third and the fourth segment of the spiral allows us to achieve the same coupling with smaller interresonator distance [18, 24]. In addition, this modification reduces the footprint. Coupling with the third segment, instead of the fourth one, for Band-I, is used because it provides lower level of parasitic resonance. Frequency responses of the three modified bandpass filters generated by 3D EM and circuit-level simulations are shown in Figures 15(a), 15(c), and 15(e). 3D EM models of the three bandpass filters are shown in Figures 15(b), 15(d), and 15(f). As can be seen, satisfying results have been achieved after only a few modifications. We must emphasize that each of these modifications as well as simulations has taken little time comparing to time necessary to design a filter without knowing the initial dimensions. Comparison of the responses in Figure 15(a) shows discrepancy with respect to the parasitic resonance that occurs at 4.95 GHz for 3D EM model, which is not present for the electric-circuit model. The reason for the appearance of this resonance is spiral inductor length, which behaves as a [figure omitted; refer to PDF] transmission line at 1.6 GHz. The spiral length is approximately 36 mm and, at the frequency of 4.95 GHz, its electrical length is approximately [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . Since the spiral is not grounded at the outer end, the impedance seen at node 3 (Figure 1) is equal to zero at 4.95 GHz. This can be validated by replacing the spiral with the [figure omitted; refer to PDF] line (at 1.6 GHz) in the circuit model and observing appearance of this parasitic resonance. Because of its simplicity, our model does not include this phenomenon.

Frequency responses of three bandpass filters generated by 3D EM and circuit-level simulations (after the second adjustment iteration): (a) Band-I, (c) Band-II, and (e) Band-III. 3D EM models of three bandpass filters: (b) Band-I, (d) Band-II, and (f) Band-III.

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(c) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(d) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(e) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(f) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

6. Triple-Bandpass Filter Design

By incorporating three single bandpass filters into one triple bandpass filter, we obtained the 3D EM model shown in Figure 16(a). The filter dimensions are shown in Figure 16(b). Due to additional interband influences, small adjustments have been made and the final dimensions have been achieved: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm.

(a) Final 3D EM model of the triple-bandpass filter, (b) dimension details.

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The block-diagram for the triple-bandpass filter is shown in Figure 17(a). Frequency responses of the triple-bandpass filter, obtained by 3D EM and circuit-level simulations, are shown in Figure 17(b).

(a) Block diagram of the triple-bandpass filter, (b) frequency responses of the triple-bandpass filter obtained by 3D EM and circuit-level simulations.

(a) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

(b) [figure omitted; refer to PDF]

It can be noticed that the parasitic resonance (marked with "P" in Figure 17(b)) of Band-I resonators (at 4.95 GHz) has disappeared. This is due to the vicinity of the two transmission zeros [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . Upper transmission zero of Band-II and lower transmission zero of Band-III have suppressed this effect of unwanted resonance. As it was earlier stated, this resonance is determined by the dimensions of the spiral inductor of Band-I. It is possible to adjust spiral dimensions (length and width) to satisfy required central frequency and to simultaneously tune the parasitic resonance to be canceled by the transmission zeros of the other bands.

By comparing the positions of the transmission zeros [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (Figures 15(a), 15(c), and 15(e)) with their positions for the triple-bandpass filter (Figure 17(b)), it is shown that they have been shifted toward the corresponding passbands. This happens for each of the three passbands, when a triple-bandpass filter is realized. The zero shifting occurs because each filter, far enough from its passband, behaves predominantly as a capacitor connected between its input and output ports. This phenomenon is also observed by the circuit-level simulations.

In this final case, the circuit model is used for verification only, not for the design. The values of the circuit lumped elements for the three block-diagrams (in Figure 17(a)) are tuned to match the frequency response obtained by the 3D EM simulation of each filter. This tuning has provided the actual circuit-element values. The spiral inductance and the interspiral capacitance have been tuned to match transmission zeros and retain resonant frequency. The spiral inductances have been changed to [figure omitted; refer to PDF] nH, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] nH, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] nH (initial values: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] nH, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] nH, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] nH) and the interspiral capacitance to [figure omitted; refer to PDF] pF, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] pF, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] pF (initial values: [figure omitted; refer to PDF] pF, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] pF, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] pF). Additionally, capacitance [figure omitted; refer to PDF] (interband capacitance) has been taken into account. This is capacitance between capacitors [figure omitted; refer to PDF] of the first-band and the second-band resonators and also between the second-band and the third-band resonators. Its value is approximately [figure omitted; refer to PDF] pF. Three individual circuit models comprised into one circuit describe the overall filter characteristic. It should be noted that the circuit-level simulations, using the proposed circuit model, capture all relevant phenomena important for the filter design procedure.

Disagreement between the desired frequency response (obtained by using the circuit models) and the response obtained by 3D EM simulations is greater for higher frequencies, that is, for higher bands. Two reasons explain this behavior. The first one is that our model is based on the frequency independent lumped elements. The second one is that our implementation of feeder-to-resonator coupling and resonator-to-resonator coupling is based on the outer end of the spiral inductor.

7. Triple-Bandpass Filter Fabrication and Experimental Results

In the previous section, the procedure for the triple-bandpass filter design has been presented and satisfactory results have been obtained. Following the frequency response of the 3D EM simulations, the triple-bandpass filter is fabricated. The filter is fabricated on RT/Duroid 5880 substrate ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] mm, and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] μ m). Final filter dimensions (see Figure 16(b)) are as follows (all in millimeters): [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . The photograph of the filter is shown in Figure 18.

Figure 18: Photograph of the fabricated triple-bandpass filter.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The fabricated filter has a footprint of [figure omitted; refer to PDF] , where [figure omitted; refer to PDF] is the guided wavelength of a 50 Ω microstrip line at the central frequency of the first passband (about 7.2 mm × 8.4 mm, not including the feed lines).

The proposed size is among the best achieved results (smallest footprint) compared to different design approaches. In single layer techniques, various triple-bandpass filters are summarized in [25], with the best achieved result of 11.2 mm × 9.3 mm ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) which confirms the benefits in size reduction of the multilayer approach. Our achieved size is better compared to similar approaches with two-layer substrate 31 mm × 29 mm ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) [26] and 31.4 mm × 29 mm ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) [27]. Slightly better results are presented in [28] with triple-bandpass filter size of 2.9 mm × 2.4 mm ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) but with the use of an additional substrate and conductive layer, with total of three substrates ( [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ) and four conductive layers.

The filter is measured using Agilent N5227A PNA microwave network analyzer. The simulated and measured responses of the proposed filter are in good agreement, as shown in Figure 19.

Figure 19: Frequency response of the 3D EM simulation and the measured response of the fabricated triple-bandpass filter.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Transmission zeros are located at the frequencies of 1.5, 1.9, 3.3, 4.1, 5.5, and 7 GHz. Measured 3 dB bandwidths are 4%, 4.6%, and 7.5%, insertion losses are 2.56, 2.68, and 2.85 dB, and return losses are 15, 14, and 12 dB at frequencies of 1.6, 3.5, and 5.6 GHz, respectively. Unwanted-frequency suppression is greater than 30 dB between the bands and greater than 20 dB above the third passband. The most notable difference between the simulated responses and the measured ones is represented by the third passband ripple. This is attributed to the manufacturing process during which vias have been manually soldered to the spiral inductor and patch capacitor. More precise machining process (or tuning the interresonator spacing at the existing model) would certainly lead to the better matching of the obtained results.

8. Conclusions

In this paper, we have proposed the use of electric-circuit models for faster design of the multibandpass filters with quasilumped coupled resonators. In addition, we proposed a novel filter which is realized as a multilayer structure. Using the diakoptic approach, the 3D filter structure is decomposed into domains, and each domain is modeled by linear time-invariant passive electrical elements. The element characteristics have been analytically described, while relations between their electrical and physical parameters have been established.

The fast circuit-level simulators have been used to investigate the influence of each element on the filter characteristic. Two types of interresonator coupling have been investigated, [figure omitted; refer to PDF] and [figure omitted; refer to PDF] . The limitations of the achievable capacitances, inductances, and mutual inductances have been found. This has yielded the constraints and guidelines in the design of a bandpass filter with the required characteristics. The values of electric-circuit elements have been mapped to the physical dimensions of the filter elements. This procedure has been used to independently design three bandpass filters which could be combined into one triple-band bandpass filter. Using 3D EM simulations, the obtained triple-band filter structure has been analyzed and modified and the final filter model has been established. The triple-bandpass filter has been fabricated and measured and the results obtained by simulation and measurement are in good agreement. This triple-bandpass filter has also achieved very small size due to the multilayer implementation (7.2 mm × 8.4 mm, i.e., [figure omitted; refer to PDF] ).

During the filter design, the number of time-consuming 3D EM simulations has been reduced significantly, compared to the traditional filter design approach. 3D EM simulations have been used at the last stage of the filter design with the element values obtained from the electric-circuit model. Only a few additional simulations have been needed at the end for fine tuning. Along with the very good results regarding the filter size reduction, we have shown that a significant time saving could be achieved, in the filter analysis and design, by means of modeling the 3D EM structure by an accurate electric circuit.

Acknowledgment

This research is supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia under Grant TR32005.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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